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Likewise, the Pujangga Baru Generation was active even after the Generation of 1950 had entered the literary scene. For instance, older Malay literature was being written until well into the twentieth century. There is considerable overlapping between these periods, and the usual designation according to "generations" ( angkatan) should not allow us to lose sight of the fact that these are movements rather than chronological periods. Angkatan 2000-an: the "Generation of 2000s".Angkatan Reformasi: the post- Suharto "Reformation Period".Angkatan 1980-an: the "Decade of the 1980s".Angkatan 1945: the "Generation of 1945".Angkatan Pujangga Baru: the "New Literates" (from 1933).Angkatan Balai Pustaka: the "Generation of the Office for Popular Literature" (from 1908).Sastra Melayu Lama: "Older Malay Literature".Pujangga Lama: the "Literates of Olden Times" (traditional literature).However, unique Indonesian characteristics cause it to be considered as a separate path and tradition.Ĭhronologically Indonesian literature may be divided into several periods: Its literary tradition was influenced by these cultures, mainly those of India, Persia, China and, more recently, Western Europe. Indonesia was then a colony of the Netherlands (ca. Overview ĭuring its early history, Indonesia was the centre of trade among sailors and traders from China, India, Europe and the Middle East.

However, in the written literature, too, poetry may have been recorded which had originated as oral literature. Oral literature is, of course, assessed by other means than written manifestations, and field-work is one of these means.

the problem of distinguishing between oral and written literature.

mutual influence between regional languages and their literatures.Ī work which appears in one Indonesian language may be found in a variant form in one or more others, especially when such literature has been part of the tradition for a long time.

Nor is it possible to understand the development of Indonesian literature without study of the older Malay which it reacted against, and whose tradition it continued. Thus, it is often difficult to ascertain where Malay leaves off and Indonesian begins.

the difficulty of distinguishing between Malay and IndonesianĮven in the 1930s, Malay was the lingua franca of the Archipelago, but was also used widely outside it, while a national Indonesian language was still in a state of development.

Major factors which make for a blurring of distinctions are: Since the thought of a national Indonesian language only struck root as recently as the 1920s, this means that emphasis in the present article is put on the twentieth century.Īt the same time, such a choice leaves a number of distinctions open. The languages spoken (and part of them written) in the Indonesian Archipelago number over a thousand, and for that reason alone it is impracticable to survey their entire literary production in one article.

13.1 Authors and works of the Angkatan 2000s.

12.1 Authors and works of the Angkatan Reformasi.

11.1 Authors and works of the Angkatan 1980-1990s.

10.1 Authors and works of the Angkatan '66.9.1 Authors and works of the Angkatan 50.7.5 Authors and works of the Pujangga Baru Generation.5.4 Authors and works of the Balai Pustaka Generation.3 Traditional literature: Pujangga Lama.Oral literature, though a central part of the Indonesian literary tradition, is not described here. the Malay language written in the Dutch East Indies. The phrase "Indonesian literature" is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the language, i.e. This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). Indonesian literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. Indonesian literature is a term grouping various genres of South-East Asian literature. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Indonesia.